Reis et al 2014 and Belo et al 2014 provide two extensive articles framing agroforestry systems in Portugal. The first with an overview of the agroforestry systems (AFS) in Portugal, and the second with a zoom to the most important agroforestry system: The montado.

These authors report AFS being present in about 25% of the agricultural and forestry mainland territory. The AFS integrate species of trees such as holm oak, cork oak, chestnut, pine and carob, with grazing animals under cover, and the fruits production. These authors identify five major areas of agroforestry based on productive and economic variables. After applying multivariate statistics they differentiate 5 regions: 1) the North Atlantic, 2) the North Transmontano,  3) a “transition” region, 4) the South-montado and 5) the Algarve. These regions were characterized by its territorial use from the production function perspective (commodities) and their economic dimension depending on the livestock and the non-wood forest products such as carob, pinion, chestnut and/or cork. There is a great diversity of the five types of agroforestry areas, arising from climatic factors, and tree species that dominate the landscape. This diversity is strongly marked by the demographic, the regional capacity for wealth creation, the major agricultural and forestry production, the agricultural specialization and the structures of agricultural production.

The montado system predominates in the South-montado region, in the area of cork oak and holm oak (and to a lesser extent of the umbrella pine). The montado is the most extensive and important agroforestry system in Portugal. The most relevant aspects of the technical and economic situation of the montado system are forage resources and livestock activities with higher economic value. The same authors also report a reflection of the weaknesses of the economic and environmental ecosystem, demonstrating its value and the impact of the common agricultural policy.

Statistics are fuzzy concerning agroforestry. This is related to the nature of the agroforestry systems themselves as the limits of classification between forests and agroforests are unclear In agroforestry systems the understorey management is a dynamic land use rotating from conventional cropping, pasture, and sometimes more than a year of set-aside . This promotes shrub occurrence being the area at this stage classified as forest by either misinterpretation of the land management context or by aerial-photo/satellite imagery interpretation that detects land cover rather lands use. However, according to the 2010 National Forest Inventory (NFI), forests/agroforests cover are 716,000 and 413,000 ha respectively for cork oak and holm oak respectively. All these area accounts for the 30% of the total carbon (C) present in Portuguese forests, with cork oak storing 64 million x 106 Mg CO2eq and holm oak storing 20 million Mg CO2eq. Since 1998, the figures show a slight increase of the cork oak area (713 000 to 716 000 ha) and a slight decrease in holm oak (462 000 to 413 000 ha).